Lebanon's leadership faced growing rage after a massive explosion laid waste to large parts of central Beirut, with security forces firing tear gas at demonstrations late Thursday as international leaders called for reform.

Shock has turned to anger in a traumatised nation where at least 149 people died and more than 5,000 were injured in Tuesday's colossal explosion of a huge pile of ammonium nitrate that had languished for years in a port warehouse.

Much of Beirut's port district was obliterated by the force of Tuesday's monster explosion of 2,750 tonnes of ammonium nitrate fertiliser
Much of Beirut's port district was obliterated by the force of Tuesday's monster explosion of 2,750 tonnes of ammonium nitrate fertiliser AFP / STR

To many Lebanese, it was tragic proof of the rot at the core of their governing system, which has failed to halt the deepest economic crisis since the 1975-1990 civil war and has plunged millions into poverty.

State media reported late Thursday that security forces fired tear gas in central Beirut to disperse dozens of anti-government demonstrators enraged by the blast.

The shockwave from the blast destroyed buildings over a wide radius in the heart of the capital, leaving up to 30,000 people homeless, according to the city's governor
The shockwave from the blast destroyed buildings over a wide radius in the heart of the capital, leaving up to 30,000 people homeless, according to the city's governor AFP / STR

Some in the small protest were wounded, the National News Agency reported.

Earlier, visiting French President Emmanuel Macron pledged to lead international emergency relief efforts and organise an aid conference in the coming days, promising that "Lebanon is not alone".

But he also warned that the country -- already in desperate need of a multi-billion-dollar bailout and hit by political turmoil since October -- would "continue to sink" unless it implements urgent reforms.

Apartments in high-rise blocks in the city centre were devastated by the blast which hit with the force of an earthquake
Apartments in high-rise blocks in the city centre were devastated by the blast which hit with the force of an earthquake AFP / JOSEPH EID

Speaking of Lebanon's political leaders, Macron said "their responsibility is huge -- that of a revamped pact with the Lebanese people in the coming weeks, that of deep change".

The International Monetary Fund, whose talks with Lebanon started in May but have since stalled, warned that it was "essential to overcome the impasse in the discussions on critical reforms".

President Michel Aoun visited the seat of the massive blast but he and the rest of Lebanon's political class face angry questions over how a shipment of highly explosive fertiliser could have been left stored for years in the heart of the city
President Michel Aoun visited the seat of the massive blast but he and the rest of Lebanon's political class face angry questions over how a shipment of highly explosive fertiliser could have been left stored for years in the heart of the city DALATI AND NOHRA / -

The IMF urged Lebanon -- which is seeking more than $20 billion in external funding and now faces billions more in disaster costs -- "to put in place a meaningful programme to turn around the economy" following Tuesday's disaster.

Despairing of receiving any help from the government, volunteers set about clearing the mangled metal and broken glass from their streets
Despairing of receiving any help from the government, volunteers set about clearing the mangled metal and broken glass from their streets AFP / PATRICK BAZ

Macron's visit to the small Mediterranean country, a French protectorate during colonial times, was the first by a foreign head of state since the disaster.

The French president visited Beirut's harbourside blast zone, a wasteland of blackened ruins, rubble and charred debris where a 140-metre-wide (460-foot-wide) crater has filled with seawater.

Mass protests against Lebanon's sectarian, and many would say corrupt, political system had largely fizzled out in the face of the cornonavirus pandemic but Tuesday's blast now threatens to reignite them
Mass protests against Lebanon's sectarian, and many would say corrupt, political system had largely fizzled out in the face of the cornonavirus pandemic but Tuesday's blast now threatens to reignite them AFP / PATRICK BAZ

As he inspected a devastated pharmacy, crowds outside vented their fury at the country's "terrorist" leadership, shouting "revolution" and "the people want an end to the regime!".

Later Macron was thronged by survivors who pleaded with him to help get rid of their reviled ruling elite.

Another woman implored Macron to keep French financial aid out of the reach of Lebanese officials, accused by many of their people of rampant graft and greed.

In Beirut's beloved bar districts, hundreds of young Lebanese ditched beers for brooms to sweep debris in the absence of a state-sponsored cleanup operation following a deadly blast. The explosion, which hit just a few hundred metres away at Beirut's port
In Beirut's beloved bar districts, hundreds of young Lebanese ditched beers for brooms to sweep debris in the absence of a state-sponsored cleanup operation following a deadly blast. The explosion, which hit just a few hundred metres away at Beirut's port, blew all the windows and doors off Mar Mikhail's pubs, restaurants and apartment homes on Tuesday. AFPTV / Dylan COLLINS

"I guarantee you that this aid will not fall into corrupt hands," the president pledged.

Macron later told BFMTV he was not presenting Lebanon's leadership with a "diktat" after some of the political class criticised his remarks as interference.

Compounding their woes, Lebanon recorded 255 coronavirus cases Thursday -- its highest single-day infection tally -- after the blast upended a planned lockdown and sent thousands streaming into overflowing hospitals.

The disaster death toll rose from 137 to 149 on Thursday evening, the health ministry said, and was expected to further rise as rescue workers kept digging through the rubble.

Even as they counted their dead, many Lebanese were consumed with anger over the blast.

"We can't bear more than this. This is it. The whole system has got to go," said 30-year-old Mohammad Suyur.

The small demonstration on Thursday night, as well as a flood of angry social media posts, suggested the disaster could reignite a cross-sectarian protest movement that erupted in October but faded because of the grinding economic hardship and the coronavirus pandemic.

Prime Minister Hassan Diab and President Michel Aoun have promised to put the culprits responsible for the disaster behind bars.

A military prosecutor announced 16 port staff had been detained over the blast.

But trust in institutions is low and few on Beirut's streets hold out hope for an impartial inquiry.

Amid the fury and gloom, the explosion's aftermath has also yielded countless uplifting examples of spontaneous solidarity.

Business owners swiftly posted offers to repair doors, paint damaged walls or replace shattered windows for free.

In Beirut, volunteers handled much of the cleanup.

Husam Abu Nasr, a 30-year-old volunteer, said: "We don't have a state to take these steps, so we took matters into our own hands."

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