New Brain Scan Technique Could Predict Dementia Before Symptoms Are Evident

80220_web — This image shows brain perfusion. Red indicates low perfusion, yellow indicates high perfusion. Overall, the brain perfusion is similar between all three groups. The most prominent difference is present in the posterior cingulate cortex (indicated by the arrow), a region close to the midline in the superior and posterior part of the brain. Control participants who remain stable have higher perfusion as compared to deteriorating controls and mild cognitive impairment. Radiological Society of North America

Researchers say a simple technique using magnetic resonance imaging could lead to an early diagnosis of dementia, long before cognitive decline is evident. A study published in the journal Radiology said the MRI technique, arterial spin labeling, or ASL, does not require injection of a contrast agent and could eventually reduce the use of scans exposing patients to radiation.

"ASL MRI is simple to perform, doesn't require special equipment and only adds a few minutes to the exam," study author Dr. Sven Haller of the University of Geneva, in Switzerland, said in a statement.

The study involved 148 healthy seniors and 65 individuals with cognitive impairment. Of the healthy subjects, 73 showed cognitive decline in a follow-up 18 months later, and showed "reduced perfusion at their baseline ASL MRI exams, particularly in the posterior cingulate cortex," the researchers said.

The pattern of reduced perfusion was similar to that of the patients who already had shown signs of cognitive impairment.

80221_web — This image illustrates the direct comparison between the different groups. The biggest difference is present between stable controls and mild cognitive impairment, indicated in red-yellow, notably in the posterior cingulate cortex. The comparison of stable versus deteriorating controls (blue) shows differences in the same region yet less pronounced. The comparison between deteriorating controls and mild cognitive impairment revealed no significant differences. Radiological Society of North America

"Less perfusion indicates decreased neural activity," Haller said.

Positron emission tomography, or PET, had previously shown reduced metabolism in the same parts of the brain of Alzheimer's patients as those highlighted by the ASL MRI. Haller said the MRI technique could replace scans for measuring brain metabolism, thus reducing patients' exposure to radiation.

Medicine