President Vladimir Putin warned the West on Wednesday against "crossing the red line" with Russia, in a major annual speech that the opposition hoped to tarnish with mass protests.

Thousands of supporters of jailed Kremlin critic Alexei Navalny took to the streets of Moscow and other cities after Putin delivered his annual state of the nation address, with police detaining more than a thousand protesters, according to a monitoring group.

Navalny was detained after flying back to Russia in January
Navalny was detained after flying back to Russia in January AFP / Kirill KUDRYAVTSEV

The protesters are demanding that Navalny, who launched a hunger strike three weeks ago, be freed or at least given proper medical treatment after his doctors said his health was failing and he could die "at any minute".

AFP journalists saw large crowds gathered in Moscow and Saint Petersburg, though not on the scale of pro-Navalny demonstrations seen earlier this year, when tens of thousands rallied and thousands were arrested.

The West has backed the calls for Navalny to be freed and provided with medical care, one of a litany of disputes that have raised tensions with Moscow to new highs.

Putin is under pressure both at home and abroad
Putin is under pressure both at home and abroad SPUTNIK / Alexei Druzhinin

In the speech, Putin said Moscow would respond swiftly and harshly to moves against its interests.

"The organisers of any provocations threatening the fundamental interests of our security will regret their deeds, more than they have regretted anything in a long time," Putin said.

Putin unsurprisingly made no mention of Navalny in his speech -- he has always refused to use the name of his most prominent opponent.

The IK-3 penal colony where jailed Kremlin critic Alexei Navalny was reportedly transferred in the city of Vladimir
The IK-3 penal colony where jailed Kremlin critic Alexei Navalny was reportedly transferred in the city of Vladimir AFP / Dimitar DILKOFF

He did however hit out at rivals abroad, with Moscow and Western capitals at loggerheads over a Russian troop build-up on Ukraine's borders and a series of espionage scandals that have resulted in diplomatic expulsions.

Putin said it had become "a new kind of sport" in some foreign capitals to blame Russia "for anything".

He said Russia wants good relations with everyone, but warned of an "asymmetrical, swift and harsh" response if that was seen as a weakness.

Alliance of Doctors union's leader Anastasia Vasilyeva and her colleagues wait next to the gate of the IK-3 penal colony where jailed Kremlin critic Alexei Navalny was reportedly transferred in the city of Vladimir
Alliance of Doctors union's leader Anastasia Vasilyeva and her colleagues wait next to the gate of the IK-3 penal colony where jailed Kremlin critic Alexei Navalny was reportedly transferred in the city of Vladimir AFP / Dimitar DILKOFF

"I hope that no one will think of crossing the red line in relation to Russia. And where it will be -- we will determine that ourselves," Putin said.

Much of Putin's address was devoted to a slew of announcements of new social spending and aid to families, as the longtime leader looks to shore up support for his deeply unpopular United Russia party ahead of parliamentary elections in September.

Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny was detained after he returned to Russia in January after months recovering in Germany from a near-fatal poisoning he blames on the Kremlin -- an accusation the leadership roundly rejects
Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny was detained after he returned to Russia in January after months recovering in Germany from a near-fatal poisoning he blames on the Kremlin -- an accusation the leadership roundly rejects AFP / Vasily MAXIMOV

Navalny's supporters were hoping to steal Putin's thunder with a series of mass protests starting from 7 pm in cities across the country.

A team of medics are denied access to a penal colony hospital where the Russian opposition figure is being treated. Navalny, 44, launched a hunger strike on March 31 and his medical team has warned that his health is failing rapidly.
A team of medics are denied access to a penal colony hospital where the Russian opposition figure is being treated. Navalny, 44, launched a hunger strike on March 31 and his medical team has warned that his health is failing rapidly. AFPTV / Ekaterina ANISIMOVA

Demonstrations took place in large cities in the Far East, the Urals and Siberia including Vladivostok and Novosibirsk.

Defying warnings and a huge police presence, the protesters in Moscow marched through the city centre near the Kremlin chanting "Freedom" and "Putin is a thief!".

Police said 6,000 people had gathered in the capital.

"This is a fight for the future -- we don't have any here," 51-year-old protester Andrei Zamyatin told AFP in central Moscow.

"Navalny is trying to change the system and is being punished for it."

In Russia's second city Saint Petersburg some 4,500 protesters gathered, police said.

A few hours after the demonstration began, an AFP journalist in Saint Petersburg saw security forces move in to forcefully detain the protesters, with at least one man hit with a taser and police chasing people into subway stations.

More than a thousand people were detained across the country, according to monitoring group OVD-Info, among them Navalny ally Lyubov Sobol and his spokeswoman Kira Yarmysh in Moscow.

While only 20 people were detained in the capital, more than 350 protesters were rounded up in Saint Petersburg, according to OVD-Info, which tracks detentions at opposition protests.

Navalny was arrested when he returned to Russia in January after months recovering in Germany from a near-fatal nerve agent poisoning he blames on the Kremlin -- an accusation it rejects.

He was sentenced to two-and-a-half years on old fraud charges his supporters say were politically motivated and has been serving time in a penal colony about 100 kilometres (60 miles) east of Moscow.

His health has been failing since he launched his hunger strike to demand proper medical care for a range of ailments.

A group of UN rights experts expressed alarm Wednesday over his deteriorating health.

"We believe Mr Navalny's life is in serious danger," they warned, calling on Russian authorities to allow Navalny "to be evacuated for urgent medical treatment abroad."