Six decades on from Cuba's proclamation of equality and despite three top government officials being black, the Caribbean island nation has made little headway on racism.

"Racism in Cuba is very hypocritical ... No-one says they're racist, even if they are," researcher Tomas Fernandez, 79, an author of several books on the subject, told AFP.

Cuba used to have an open problem with racism until the communist revolution of 1959.

Cuba has enacted laws against racial discrimination but activists say racism is present on the streets
Cuba has enacted laws against racial discrimination but activists say racism is present on the streets AFP / Yamil LAGE

Some buildings had signs saying "no dogs or blacks" while there was also racial segregation that saw black people barred from some clubs and schools

The government has enacted policies to address centuries of inequality due to slavery, which was abolished in 1886, and to promote access to higher education and public office.

But racism persists. In local jargon, a white woman with a black boyfriend is "burning oil" or "holding back the race" while he is "advancing" his.

A significantly lower proportion of black people than whites in Cuba own a bank account or have traveled abroad
A significantly lower proportion of black people than whites in Cuba own a bank account or have traveled abroad AFP / Yamil LAGE

Ethnologist Jesus Guanche has identified around 20 definitions to describe skin color, including "blue-black" for someone with very dark skin, while Cubans often describe frizzy hair as "bad."

"There's something that is a burden, it's very subtle, but it's a prejudice that keeps going," said painter Salvador Gonzalez, 71, who exhibits his work in El Callejon de Hamel, a bastion of African heritage in the capital Havana.

Black activist Alexander Holl, 22, says skin color has a "huge influence" on relationships in Cuba.

Racism in Cuba is 'subtle' and underlying, according to activists, but it persists despite government claims to the contrary
Racism in Cuba is 'subtle' and underlying, according to activists, but it persists despite government claims to the contrary AFP / Yamil LAGE

"It's common for white families to tell (their daughters) not to get involved with that (black) lad," said the history student.

"When you want to be with a white girl, sometimes you realize this is an impediment."

Black people in Cuba are economically and socially disadvantaged in comparison to whites, anti-racism activists say
Black people in Cuba are economically and socially disadvantaged in comparison to whites, anti-racism activists say AFP / Yamil LAGE

Recognizing the magnitude of the problem, President Miguel Diaz-Canel announced in November a program to "definitively eliminate the vestiges of racism."

In Cuba, 9.3 percent of the 11.2 million population identify as black, 26.6 percent say they're mixed race, while 64.1 percent claim to be white, according to a 2012 census.

Manuel Cuesta, 57, an Afro-Cuban government opponent, says "there are the vestiges and remnants of symbolically cordial racism, structurally hidden, installed in the economic, institutional and political dynamics" of the country.

Several top Cuban government officials are black but critics say that only papers over the cracks of systemic racism in wider society
Several top Cuban government officials are black but critics say that only papers over the cracks of systemic racism in wider society AFPTV / Maylin Alonso

The racial debate gained a new impulse following the murder of George Floyd in the United States, and the recent death of Afro-Cuban Hansel Hernandez.

The 27-year-old was accused of theft and died during an alleged confrontation with police.

"Both events have once again pushed the racial theme into the discussion, although the true debate is on social media," said Cuesta.

Those critical of the government find a link between the cases of Hernandez and Floyd. Fernandez however believes that's a mistake and that the Cuban's death "cannot be associated or analyzed as if it was a racial crime."

He says "racial hatred doesn't exist" in Cuba, but underlying racism does.

Roberto Zurbano, a black researcher into issues regarding race, says an "itinerary of deficiencies" as well as "his social environment and low level of expectations" contributed to Hernandez's death.

In 1962, revolutionary leader Fidel Castro considered racial discrimination over, but while active discrimination was outlawed, prejudice lingered.

According to the German institute GIGA in 2019, 50 percent of white Cubans said they had a bank account compared to just 11 percent of blacks; 31 percent of whites had traveled abroad compared to three percent of blacks. And whites control 98 percent of private businesses.

"We were romantics and we didn't realize that racial discrimination was much deeper (and) didn't disappear through one law," said Fernandez.

In 2003, Castro admitted there was underlying racism "associated with poverty and a historic monopoly on knowledge" in various fields by whites.

In parliament, 40.5 percent of deputies are black or mixed race, including the president Esteban Lazo.

But Holl says no-one should fall into the trap of "counting the number of blacks and mixed race people in parliament or the government to demonstrate that racism doesn't exist.

"The true racism is in the streets, in the feeble structural and economic conditions of the black and mixed race population.

"You guaranteeing me a right by law doesn't mean that I have all the economic and social conditions to validate that right."

Cuba Racism